CAJEME (Background and Historical Information) Translated from Spanish to English from the official Internet site of the state of Sonora, Mexico CAJEME (Cajeme, Yaqui chief, late 19th century) (Municipal seat: Ciudad Obregon (Alvaro Obregón, Sonora's most important leader in the Mexican Revolution)) (Esperanza, a town with a Hands Across the Border school, is in the municipality of Cajeme.) ABOUT THE MUNICIPALITY Located in the south of the State, it is the agricultural heart of Sonora, in the fertile and well-irrigated Yaqui Valley. Today, it is a wonder of advanced agricultural techniques, and the base of one of the best centers of experimental agriculture, for the development of new varieties of crops. This modern city had its origins in the 19th century in the villas of Cumuripa, Buenavista, and Cócorit, when agriculture was started in this region. The territory of the current municipality of Cajeme forms part of Yaqui country. The municipality was established on November 29, 1927, when the state legislature granted Cajeme municipal autonomy. The region began to be evangelized by Jesuit missionaries in 1617. In 1619, the missionary Martín Burgencio founded Buenavista and later Cumuripa. In 1715, El Realito was founded. In the north of the municipality, it is one of its oldest settlements. Buenavista had special strategic importance as a military presidio during Spanish colonial times. It was the seat of the presidio company of San Carlos de Buenavista. It had a municipal government from 1820 (when Mexican independence was complete in Sonora), and was the seat of an administrative region with the name of Villa de Salvación. In the second half of the 19th century, it was under the district of Guaymas, together with the Yaqui towns. Cócorit was a mission town during the colonial regime, and was a dependency of the municipal government of Buenavista just after independence. It became subject to a special municipal government by the Law of September 30, 1828 for the governing of native peoples, which established general heads and lieutenants under which they were ruled. At the end of the 19th century, it became a regular municipality, under the district of Guaymas. It was eliminated as a municipality by Law No. 68 of December 26, 1930, which incorporated it into the municipality of Cajeme. The seat of the municipality of Cajeme is Ciudad Obregon. Its first settlers established themselves in the neighborhood named Plano Oriente, where the works of irrigation of the Richardson Company had been built in 1910. Two years later, the South Pacific railroad built a station named Cajeme on the site. The settlement of Cajeme was initially under the municipality of Cócorit, until its elevation to municipal seat on November 29, 1927. The decree of July 28, 1928 said that "the city with the name of Ciudad Obregon will be where the town of Cajeme is today". In 1937, another legislative decree said that Cajeme was the name of the municipality, and Obregon that of the seat. HISTORIC EVENTS 1910 First houses were constructed, where the works of irrigation of the Richardson Company were built. 1927 Became under the municipality of Cócorit. 1928 Own municipal government installed. 1928 In July, Cajeme acquires the category of city (as Ciudad Obregon). 1930 Its territory increases in size. 1937 Legislative decree that says that Cajeme is the name of the municipality, and Obregon is the name of the seat. FAMOUS PERSONS IN THE MUNICIPALITY Cajeme, Yaqui chief who resisted European takeover of lands for irrigation until 1910 Emilio Kozterlitzky, head of forces who finally subdued Cajeme, subdued many other outlaws and opponents of the regime of Porfirio Díaz all through Sonora Alvaro Obregón, leader of troops of state of Sonora, as both rebels and federals, in the Mexican Revolution 1911-1914; became president of Mexico 1920-1924 LOCATION AND GEOGRAPHY The municipality is in the southeast part of the state of Sonora. Its seat is the settlement of Ciudad Obregon. Ciudad Obregon is located at 27° 29' north latitude, and 109° 56' longitude west of the Greenwich meridian, at about 151 feet (46 meters) above sea level. Hermosillo borders the following municipalities of Sonora: Suaqui Grande to the north, Quiriego and Rosario de Tesopaco to the east, Guaymas and Bácum to the west, and Etchojoa and Navojoa to the southeast. It is located along the Gulf of California to the south. It has an area of 1,278.45 square miles (3,312.05 square kilometers). This is 1.79 percent of the total area of the state, and 0.17 percent of the national area of Mexico. The most important localities, besides the seat, are Esperanza, Tepoca, Santa Ana, and Santa Rosa. One can visit a great variety of local beaches. On the outskirts of the city, there is a recreational park along the Náinari Lagoon, visited by families especially on weekends. Local celebrations include an agricultural fair, and a celebration of Holy Week in the traditional Yaqui manner. One should visit and discover the Museum. Demographic Aspects The total population in the year 2000 was 345,222 inhabitants, of whom 88.3 percent live in urban zones. Of the total of the population in the year 2000, 170,782 were male, and 174,440 were female. Population density was 221.47 persons per square mile (85.51 persons per square kilometer). The annual rate of growth from 1990 to 2000 was 2.2 percent. (There was no population table for this municipality.) Hydrography The municipality is located in Basin B of the Yaqui River of Hydrological Region No. 9. The Yaqui is the same river that supplies Alvaro Obregón Reservoir. This reservoir's normal capacity is 2.429 million acre-feet (2.989 billion cubic meters), with an overflow capacity of 2.622 million acre-feet (3.227 billion cubic meters). Other, much smaller reservoirs in the municipality are El Potrero and Agua Caliente. There are the Cocoraque, Chicura, Los Arbolitos, Bachoco, Citavaro, and Los Campos washes. Orography The majority of the municipality is flat, in the center, south, and east. Most of the municipality is in the Yaqui Valley, with 262,314 acres (106,200 hectares) of agricultural area. There is a mountainous zone in the north. Climate The municipality basically has two types of climates: dry and very dry. The first, BS. (h') hw (e'), is an extremely warm climate, with an average annual precipitation of 16.14 inches (410 millimeters), and covers most of the territory, in the north and east. The second, BW (h'), is a very extremely warm climate, with an average annual precipitation of 11.77 inches (299 millimeters), and occurs in the southeast. In both cases, 73 percent of the precipitation is in the months of July to September. Both climates are warm, with a mean temperature of a little more than 75°F. (24°C) for the year. The mean temperature from June to September is 88°F. (31°C), and the extreme maximum temperature is 118°F. (48°C); the mean temperature in January is 61°F. (16°C). The time of frosts is from late December to February. There are other meteorological phenomena as tropical storms and hurricane winds, which may occur during the end of summer and the beginning of fall. Classification and Use of the Soil In the municipality there are the following types of soils: cambisol, fluvisol, litosol, regosol, vertisol, and xerosol. Cambisol: located in the north; is rocky; is young, little-developed soil, but it supports any type of vegetation that is conditioned by the climate but not the type of soil; has various materials as clay, calcium carbonate, iron, manganese, etc.; moderate to high susceptibility to erosion. Fluvisol: located around Alvaro Obregón Reservoir and formed by recent alluvial deposits except those from seas; found in any type of climate, near zones where water runs. Litosol: is located in the northwest of the municipality; found in all climates and supports very diverse kinds of vegetation; found in all Sonoran mountains in large or small proportion, in laderas, canyons, lomerios, and various flat lands; its susceptibility to erosion depends on the lay of the land. Regosol: located in the east; is rocky; found in different climates and supports various types of vegetation; its fertility is variable and its agricultural use principally depends on its depth, its susceptibility to erosion is very variable and depends on the lay of the land. Vertisol: located in the center; is rocky; is found in moderate and warm climates which may be markedly dry or rainy; is clear in color and very poor in organic material; its agricultural utilization is very extensive, varied, and productive; is very fertile soil that supports crops as cotton and grains; its susceptibility to erosion is low. Xerosol: located in the south of the municipality, in arid and semiarid zones; is clear and very poor in humus; its agricultural utilization is restricted to zones of irrigation with very high yields of crops because of the high fertility of these soils; its susceptibility to erosion is low. Plants and Animals A large part of the municipal territory contains low tropical vegetation, principally in the north zone and the foothills of the Western Sierra Madre. Another large portion is low desert grassland, as cereus, idria, cardon, copalquin, candelilla, and agave. As well, there are spread throughout the municipality areas of vegetation as mesquite, palo verde, creosote bush, ironwood, and huisache. In urban areas, there are broad-leaved trees as yucateco, tabachin, and India laurel. In regard to animals, there are various species of birds as: churea, doves, quail, and migratory birds along the south coast of Cajeme. There exist reptiles and amphibians as coralillo, frog, sapo toro, and chicotera, and various mammals as coyote, fox, rats, and maderera. ECONOMIC ASPECTS Cajeme's economically active population is 99,390 inhabitants, of which 96,471 are employed, and 2,919 are not. Of its population, 18 percent are occupied in activities of the first sector, 23 percent are in the second, 57 percent are in the third, and 2 percent did not specify an activity. There are 123,750 economically inactive persons. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Agriculture The area on which agriculture takes place in Cajeme is 270,356 acres (109,456 hectares). Of this, 55 percent is private property, 44 percent belongs to government communal farms (ejidos), and one percent belongs to other organizations (colonos). Agricultural activity is of prime importance for the Municipality, and the rest of the economy depends on it; it is one of the principal sources of jobs and earnings. The principal crops of the Municipality are wheat, beans, corn, sorghum, fruit, and vegetables, basically. This activity is having problems because of the high costs of production, and the tendency for the prices of basic products to go down. Also, the price of marketing many crops has increased, and there is now a limit to how much water can be supplied for irrigating crops. Ranching and Other Livestock The raising of cattle is practiced on a grazing area of 726,810 acres (294,255 hectares), with an animal population of 65,294 head of cattle, belonging to 882 producers. The raising of sheep and pigs is done with the most modern technology, that permits products to be sold in Mexican domestic and international markets. Of other livestock, 47 percent is raised to produce eggs, and 21 percent is used to produce milk. Industry The industry of Cajeme is based on the transformation of raw materials. The Municipality has an industrial park with basic infrastructure. In the Municipality, there are 62 industrial enterprises that employ 3,921 persons. The principal products are agroindustrial products, cookies, botana, beer, beverages, and furniture, among others. Among the limits of this sector are: insufficient level of industrialization, little diversity of production, rising cost of production, high quality of foreign products. Commerce Commercial activities in the Municipality occupy first place as a source of jobs and income for the population. The growth of commerce, in terms of supply and commercial units, appears to be satisfactory to meet the needs of the residents of Cajeme. There is an infrastructure of agricultural and seafood markets, supply centers, and municipal and other markets, and other businesses, of which 95 percent belong to the private sector, and 5 percent belong to the public sector. Tourism In the Municipality, there is an important potential for the development of tourism, as the reservoir and various sites of scenic and cultural value. Among these points, Alvaro Obregón Reservoir and the Yaqui River are of note. There is an important infrastructure of hotels with services. There are now 35 establishments with 1,268 rooms. Principal Tourist Attractions Cajeme's nearby lakes, particularly Alvaro Obregón (Oviachic) Reservoir, are an abundant source of fish, as catfish, tilapia, and lobina. Activities popular during the winter are visiting the canals, marshes, and fields of gramineas. Communications and Transport (Nothing was written in this area by this municipality.) SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Education The Municipality has 105,032 students, of which 9 percent are at preschool level, 47 percent are in primary schools, 18.7 percent are in secondary schools, 17 percent are in post-secondary academic schools, 6 percent are in professional schools, and 1 percent are in vocational schools. Educational services are primarily provided by the public sector, but there is important participation of the private sector. Education is given by 468 schools, of which 125 are preschools, 202 are primary schools, 19 are vocational training centers, 67 are secondary schools, 74 are post-secondary academic schools, and 3 are superior schools. Health Health services are provided by the agencies of Social Security and Social Assistance, with a coverage of 100 percent of the residents of Cajeme. The agencies of Social Security cover 88 percent, and the other 12 are covered by Social Assistance S.S.P., which covers the open population. The Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) serves 164,615 persons, and has 412 medical personnel. The ISSSTE (Social Security for government workers) serves 6,732 persons with 52 medical personnel, and the Secretariat of Public Health has 58,828 beneficiaries and 109 medical personnel. The IMSS gives attention to 70 percent of the municipal population, with 814 beds, 214 clinics, 26 X-ray rooms, 19 laboratories, 2 blood banks, 10 milk banks, 3 surgery rooms and 22 outpatient rooms, 16 kitchens, 10 laundries, and 33 ambulances. The ISSSTE has 49 beds, 17 clinics, one X-ray room, one laboratory, one blood bank, one milk bank, 2 surgery rooms, one outpatient room, one laundry, and 3 ambulances. The S.S.A., with 34 beds, 6 clinics, and 38 laboratory centers, gives its services through a general hospital, a type A health center, and 10 centers of type C. SEMESON (State of Sonora Social Security) has 19 health centers in rural areas in an equal number of localities, and serves 40,000 inhabitants. Drinking Water The service of drinking water of the Municipality covers 94 percent of the population. The municipal seat has two water treatment plants that satisfy the demands of 97 percent of the population. The other localities have deep wells for their sources of supply. The population grows constantly. Both inside and outside the seat, 100 percent of people demand this vital liquid. Currently 65,589 residences in the Municipality have water supplied to them directly, benefitting 322,945 inhabitants. Sewage The Municipality has a drainage system, in the municipal seat as well as its 4 principal localities outside the seat: Cócorit, Esperanza, Marte E. Gómez, and Quetchehueca. A population of 248,079 residents, representing 71 percent of the population, benefits from this service. Electricity This service is given to 98 percent of the municipal population in 67,663 residences, to 97 percent of the localities of the municipality. Electrical energy is generated by a hydroelectric plant, and 3 fuel-burning plants. Community Organization Economic organizations. - It is important to note that the Municipality is highly developed technically, and there are organizations as: Association of Organizations of Farmowners of the South of Sonora, Yaqui Valley Ranchers' Association, Ciudad Obregon Farmowners' Association, Cajeme Association of Pork Raisers, New Fund of Mutual Contribution for Communal Farms of the Yaqui and Mayo Valleys. UCARISA with 519 active members and 2,385 producers, UCAC with 408 active members, UCAY with 1,440 active members, UCEYM with 10 Communal Farms (Ejidos Colectivos), 24 SPRs (Society of Rural Protection) with 220 members, Federation of Farms with 274 and 7 affiliated SPR members, Union of Societies of Rural Production with 127 SPR members. Agrarian organizations. - There are 32 communal farms (ejidos) with 5,024 residents. Education organizations. - There are 468 parents' organizations. Social organizations. - It is important to mention sports organizations in 30 leagues and clubs. These are in chess, baseball, boxing, martial arts, cachibol, fishing, tae kwon do, bodybuilding, soccer, cycling, running and jogging, softball, and tennis. Under the Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM), there are 81 unions of employees of various institutions and services. For its great development, civil society has associated into non-governmental organizations to meet the needs of the population. Among the most important are the Mexican National Committee for Life, Disabled (DISCO S.C.), Foundation of Children's Support, Foundation of Social Support, Ecological Movement, Volunteer Promoters, Mothers Without Partners, Youth Development with Business, Yaqui Valley Promotion Committee, Center of Women's Support, Civic Alliance, Ciudad Obregon Lions Club, Rotary Club, Friends of the Mexican Red Cross, Friends of the Volunteer Firefighters. The Council of Municipal Development is made of 25 community representatives, who serve 37 committees. Mass Media The Sixth Electoral District has at its service all types of mass media, local as well as state. The Municipality of Cajeme has one local television station with regional coverage, 11 radio stations, and 3 state and local newspapers. Two of the newspapers have local coverage (Tribuna del Yaqui and Diario del Yaqui), and there are media that have state coverage as Radio Sonora, Telemax (statewide television network), and El Imparcial (newspaper based in Hermosillo).